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Munich Serbian Psalter
The Munich Serbian Psalter ((セルビア語:Минхенски српски псалтир or ''Minhenski srpski psaltir''), (ドイツ語:Serbischer Psalter)) is a 14th-century illuminated psalter written in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension. With its 229 leaves illustrated with 148 miniatures, it is regarded as the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript book. It was written after 1370 in Moravian Serbia, either for its ruler Prince Lazar, or more likely, for his successor Stefan Lazarević. The book was rebound in 1630 by Serbian Patriarch Pajsije. It was taken to Bavaria in the late 17th century, and has been kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich (as MS Cod. slav. 4) since the beginning of the 19th century.
==Description==
The Munich Serbian Psalter is a manuscript book written in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, in uncial Cyrillic script.〔Jagić 1906, pp. IV–V〕 It is a representative of the revised version of the Church Slavonic psalter text which came into use in the early 14th century. Compared with previous psalter texts, this version is a closer translation of the Greek original into Church Slavonic.〔MacRobert 1994, pp. 111–113〕〔Jagić 1906, p. LXXI〕 Beside the Psalms, the manuscript also contains the canticles and the Akathist to the Theotokos.〔Jagić 1906, pp. XLl–XLlV〕 It is illustrated with 148 miniatures, which often occupy whole pages, and is regarded as the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript book.〔Radojčić 1963, pp. 281–85〕 It has 229 paper leaves in the quarto format, now measuring 28 by 19.7 centimetres. The text columns measure 19 by 12 centimetres and the usual height of the letters is 4 to 5 millimetres; the columns written in such letters consist of 21 lines or, exceptionally, 22 lines. The miniatures' captions are written in red in half-uncial script, with letters smaller than those of the normal text.〔 Some of the captions contain traits of the Serbian vernacular.〔Jagić 1906, p. LXXVIII〕 The titles of the psalms are written in gold on a red background, and most of them include a comment indicating how the psalm is related to Christ and the New Testament.〔Jagić 1906, p. XXXV〕 The recto of the first leaf (folio 1r) was originally left blank, but now it contains inscriptions which span several centuries.〔
The psalter's miniatures are painted on a gold background, and they are framed by red and blue lines.〔Lazić 2013, para. 3〕 The most numerous are those depicting events described in the Old Testament, with the focus on David. A second group of miniatures illustrate interpretations of the psalms as found in Church literature and religious novels, while scenes from the New Testament form a third group. A fourth group are the illustrations of the canticles and the akathist. Some psalms have no corresponding illustrations, while others have more than one.〔Radojčić 1963, pp. 277–80〕 The quality of the miniatures lies more in their colouring than in their composition. By their iconography and style, they are related to paintings in Serbian churches created after 1350 during a period when there was no central, dominant art school in Serbia. This phase of Serbian art began during the reign of Serbian Emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (r. 1331–1355). The miniatures show characteristics of various local schools, the most dominant of which are the school of the Matejče Monastery and the school of Metropolitan Jovan Zograf, both of which originated in the region of Skopje in northern Macedonia. The miniatures are the collective work of a group of painters belonging to those different schools.〔
The manuscript is not in its original binding, and the current one was made in 1630 in the Byzantine style. The front and back covers are made of two wooden boards. They have holes and grooves for the binding threads, with which the boards are laced together through the backs of the book's gatherings. The spine of the book consists of a strong linen or hemp cloth. Goatskin painted dark brown is glued onto the boards and the cloth, covering them completely on the outside; the inner sides of the boards are partially covered. Two leather straps are attached to the back cover, and the book is held closed by fastening the straps to two corresponding pins stuck in the front cover. Both covers are decorated with patterns stamped into the goatskin.〔Ćeklić 2010, pp. 10–16〕
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